RAME PUBLISHERS

When serious scientific flaws, ethical transgressions, or severe data invalidations emerge, the journal will retract the affected publication to maintain the purity of the scientific record. Retraction is a critical mechanism for alerting the research community to fundamentally unreliable findings or severe breaches of publication ethics.

An article will be considered for retraction if:

• Clear, verifiable evidence indicates that the conclusions are invalid due to scientific misconduct (including data fabrication, falsification, or deceptive image manipulation) or critical honest errors in calculation/methodology.
• The manuscript constitutes unauthorized redundant publication, substantial plagiarism, or copyright infringement.
• Ethical authorizations (such as institutional review board approval or informed participant consent) were falsified, absent, or breached.
• Peer-review manipulation, fabricated reviewer identities, or unauthorized citation stacking compromised the editorial evaluation.

When a decision to retract an article is finalized by the editorial board, the following formal procedures are strictly executed:

• Formal Retraction Notice: A formal Retraction Notice is published under its own DOI, signed by the Editor-in-Chief, the authors, or both. The notice explicitly outlines the reasons for retraction.
• Permanent Record Preservation: To preserve the historical and legal scientific record, the retracted article is not deleted from the website or archives.
• Watermarking and Metadata Update: A prominent, permanent watermark reading "RETRACTED" is added across all pages of the article's full-text PDF, and a notice is appended to the online article landing page.