Dependability is Measured with Soft Error Caused Exceptions on the Arm Cortex-A9 CPU
Zaidoon Khalaf Mahmood
International Journal of Computational and Electronic Aspects in Engineering
Volume 4: Issue 4, October 2023, pp 100-109
Author's Information
Zaidoon Khalaf Mahmood
Corresponding Author
University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
zaidoon.kh.mahmood@uokirkuk.edu.iq
Abstract:-
In embedded systems, ARM processors are the market leaders, offering high-performance computation, low power consumption, and low cost. As a result, there is a lot of excitement about its potential in the aerospace business. The Xilinx Zynq-7000 FPGA features dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 hard-core processors. are protected from soft failures thanks to a lockstep technique described in this study. The lockstep is an error detection and righting system that is based on both hardware and software. At the software level, it uses checkpoints and rollback methods. On the hardware level, checker circuits and processor replication are also included. The proposed method demonstrates how to execute the plan successfully in two core processors to improve system stability in radiation environments. The results reveal a link between the size of the application and the checkpoint and rollback strategies in terms of usability overhead. as well as a dependence on the number of checkpoints.Index Terms:-
ARM, embedded processors reliability, Exceptions, Radiation effects, Fault injectionREFERENCES
- X. Xiong, X. Du, B. Zheng, Z. Chen, W. Jiang, S. He, et al., "Electronics, vol. 11, p. 3844, 2022.
Crossref - A. Ahmed and H. Demirel, "FPAA based on Floating Current Source Analog system design," Design Engineering, pp. 10953-10969, 2021.
Crossref - M. A. Ahmed, M. Z. Khalaf, and D. Hüseyin, "Study of finfet transistor. Critical and literature review in finfet transistor in the active filter," 3 c TIC: cuadernos de desarrollo aplicados a las TIC, vol. 12, pp. 65-81, 2023.
Crossref - M. Alisawi, A. Al-Dawoodi, Y. M. Wahab, L. Hammood, A. Y. Nawaf, and A. Ghazi, "Developing the Real Estate Rental Sector in Third World Countries Using Blockchain Technology: Iraq as Case Study," in Blockchain Technologies for Sustainable Development in Smart Cities, ed: IGI Global, 2022, pp. 87-109.
Crossref - P. Bodmann, G. Papadimitriou, D. Gizopoulos, and P. Rech, "The impact of soc integration and os deployment on the reliability of arm processors," in 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS), 2021, pp. 223-225.
Crossref - A. Chatzidimitriou, P. Bodmann, G. Papadimitriou, D. Gizopoulos, and P. Rech, "Demystifying soft error assessment strategies on arm cpus: Microarchitectural fault injection vs. neutron beam experiments," in 2019 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2019, pp. 26-38.
Crossref - Á. B. de Oliveira, G. S. Rodrigues, and F. L. Kastensmidt, "Analyzing lockstep dual-core ARM cortex-A9 soft error mitigation in FreeRTOS applications," in Proceedings of the 30th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design: Chip on the Sands, 2017, pp. 84-89.
Crossref - X. Du, D. Luo, K. Shi, C. He, and S. Liu, "FFI4SoC: a fine-grained fault injection framework for assessing reliability against soft error in SoC," Journal of Electronic Testing, vol. 34, pp. 15-25, 2018.
Crossref - A. Chatzidimitriou, M. Kaliorakis, D. Gizopoulos, M. Iacaruso, M. Pipponzi, R. Mariani, et al., "Rt level vs. microarchitecture-level reliability assessment: Case study on arm (r) cortex (r)-a9 cpu," in 2017 47th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), 2017, pp. 117-120.
Crossref - A. Vallero, A. Savino, A. Chatzidimitriou, M. Kaliorakis, M. Kooli, M. Riera, et al., "Syra: Early system reliability analysis for cross-layer soft errors resilience in memory arrays of microprocessor systems," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 68, pp. 765-783, 2018.
Crossref - L. G. Casagrande and F. L. Kastensmidt, "Soft error analysis in embedded software developed with & without operating system," in 2016 17th Latin-American Test Symposium (LATS), 2016, pp. 147-152.
Crossref - T. Liu, Y. Fu, Y. Zhang, and B. Shi, "A Hierarchical Assessment Strategy on Soft Error Propagation in Deep Learning Controller," in Proceedings of the 26th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, 2021, pp. 878-884.
Crossref - G. Abich, J. Gava, R. Garibotti, R. Reis, and L. Ost, "Applying lightweight soft error mitigation techniques to embedded mixed precision deep neural networks," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 68, pp. 4772-4782, 2021.
Crossref - G. S. Rodrigues, F. Rosa, Á. B. de Oliveira, F. L. Kastensmidt, L. Ost, and R. Reis, "Analyzing the impact of fault-tolerance methods in arm processors under soft errors running linux and parallelization apis," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 64, pp. 2196-2203, 2017.
Crossref - G. S. Rodrigues, Á. Barros de Oliveira, F. L. Kastensmidt, V. Pouget, and A. Bosio, "Assessing the reliability of successive approximate computing algorithms under fault injection," Journal of Electronic Testing, vol. 35, pp. 367-381, 2019.
Crossref - F. R. da Rosa, L. Ost, and R. Reis, Soft Error Reliability Using Virtual Platforms: Early Evaluation of Multicore Systems: Springer Nature, 2020.
Crossref - A. Chatzidimitriou, G. Papadimitriou, C. Gavanas, G. Katsoridas, and D. Gizopoulos, "Multi-bit upsets vulnerability analysis of modern microprocessors," in 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC), 2019, pp. 119-130.
- A. Serrano-Cases, L. M. Reyneri, Y. Morilla, S. Cuenca-Asensi, and A. Martínez-Álvarez, "Empirical mathematical model of microprocessor sensitivity and early prediction to proton and neutron radiation-induced soft errors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 67, pp. 1511-1520, 2020.
Crossref - F. R. da Rosa, R. Garibotti, L. Ost, and R. Reis, "Using machine learning techniques to evaluate multicore soft error reliability," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 66, pp. 2151-2164, 2019.
Crossref - G. S. Rodrigues and F. L. Kastensmidt, "Evaluating the behavior of successive approximation algorithms under soft errors," in 2017 18th IEEE Latin American Test Symposium (LATS), 2017, pp. 1-6.
Crossref - B. Wibowo, A. Agrawal, and J. Tuck, "Characterizing the impact of soft errors across microarchitectural structures and implications for predictability," in 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC), 2017, pp. 250-260.
Crossref - G. S. Rodrigues, F. Rosa, F. L. Kastensmidt, R. Reis, and L. Ost, "Investigating parallel TMR approaches and thread disposability in Linux," in 2017 24th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), 2017, pp. 393-396.
Crossref - Ó. R. Polo, J. Sánchez, A. da Silva, P. Parra, A. M. Hellín, A. Carrasco, et al., "Reliability-oriented design of on-board satellite boot software against single event effects," Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 114, p. 101920, 2021.
Crossref - M. Peña-Fernandez, A. Lindoso, L. Entrena, M. García-Valderas, Y. Morilla, and P. Martín-Holgado, "Online error detection through trace infrastructure in ARM microprocessors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 66, pp. 1457-1464, 2019.
Crossref - Y. Shen and K. Elphinstone, "Microkernel mechanisms for improving the trustworthiness of commodity hardware," in 2015 11th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC), 2015, pp. 155-166.
Crossref - Z. Dai, Y. Fu, T. Liu, and H. You, "The Internal Fault Detection of Processor Based on Bayesian Network," in 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 2018, pp. 775-778.
Crossref - T. Xia, J.-C. Prévotet, and F. Nouvel, "Mini-nova: A lightweight arm-based virtualization microkernel supporting dynamic partial reconfiguration," in 2015 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshop, 2015, pp. 71-80.
Crossref - J. F. Martínez-Osuna, F. J. Ocampo-Torres, L. Gutiérrez-Loza, E. Valenzuela, A. Castro, R. Alcaraz, et al., "Coastal buoy data acquisition and telemetry system for monitoring oceanographic and meteorological variables in the Gulf of Mexico," Measurement, vol. 183, p. 109841, 2021.
Crossref
To view full paper, Download here