International Journal of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Volume 13 · Issue 1 · March 2026 · pp. 1–26
Review Article · Peer Reviewed
Received: January 05, 2026 · Accepted: March 10, 2026 · Published: March 30, 2026
DOI: 10.26706/ijaefea.13.1.20260101
Open Access · CC BY 4.0

A Review of Expansive Soils in Geotechnical Engineering: Characterization and Mitigation Strategies

Ahmed Muhammad Dakhil*

College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Wasit University, Wasit, Alkut, Iraq.

*Corresponding author: Ah.adkheel@uowasit.edu.iq

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Abstract

Expansive soils are a significant global engineering problem, resulting in approximately $7–$9 billion in annual economic losses in the United States and around $73 million annually in India. This study reviews recent literature on the physical and chemical characterization of expansive soils and evaluates the mechanistic and economic effectiveness of remediation techniques. These soils exhibit montmorillonite-driven volumetric changes depending on moisture content. Characterization is identified as a key step in mitigation, supported by nanoscale analysis to better understand physicochemical behavior and define the active zone. Chemical stabilization methods such as lime, cement, and fly ash are reviewed, showing reduced swelling potential but possible increases in brittleness. Structural solutions including under-reamed piles, waffle slab foundations, geosynthetics, and geofoam are also discussed. Case studies from India, Egypt, and Australia demonstrate that integrated approaches combining moisture control, soil replacement, and adaptive foundation design provide the most effective solutions.

Keywords

Expansive Soil Soil Characterization Geotechnical Mitigation Chemical Stabilization Montmorillonite Under-Reamed Piles Geosynthetics Soil Replacement Swell Potential Moisture Control

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